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[quote="Pietro"][size=24][b]Corpus of Old Solar[/b][/size]

Most fortunately, unlike the other languages of the [i]Out of the Silent Planet[/i] trilogy, the attested corpus of Old Solar is large enough to give us a decent grasp of the basics of its grammar, although it is nowhere near large enough for us to hope to actually be able to say anything useful.

[b]Note:[/b] where the source has a macron (straight line) above a vowel, this site has a circumflex, as in [i]hrû[/i] or [i]hmân[/i].

[size=18][b]Words[/b][/size]

[b]*ah[/b]
    \’ah\[color=blue][b][1][/b][/color] [i]?[/i] : apparently a feminine suffix; used in [i]Baru’ah[/i] and [i]Yatsurah[/i]
        [origin unknown]
[b]ahihra[/b]
    \’a · hê · h · ra\ [i]interj.[/i] : meaning unknown
        [origin unknown]
[b]Arbol hru[/b]
    \’ar · bôl  h · ru\ [i]n.[/i] : literally “Sun’s blood”, the Old Solar name for gold
        [Old Solar [i]Arbol[/i] + [i]hrû[/i]] 
[b]*cerd[/b]
    \’cerd\[color=blue][b][2][/b][/color] [i]n.[/i], [i]pl.[/i] [b]*cerdi[/b] (\· ê\): “field” (as in [i]*Arbol-ef-Cordi[/i], “The Fields of Arbol”)
    [i]pos.[/i] [b]*cord[/b] \’côrd\, [i]pl.[/i] [b]cordi[/b] \· ê\
        [origin unknown]
[b]crah[/b]
    \’cra · h\ [i]n.[/i] : the final part of a hressa poem; actual meaning unknown
        [origin unknown]
[b]ef[/b]
    \’ef\ [i]def. ar.[/i] : “the” 
        [origin unknown]
[b]eldil[/b]
    \’el · dêl\ [i]n.[/i], [i]pl.[/i] [b]eldila[/b] (\·· a\) : an angel-like being; actual meaning unknown[color=blue][b][3][/b][/color]
        [origin unknown]
[b]*glund[/b]
    \’glund\ [i]adj.[/i] : meaning unknown; attested in [i]Glundandra[/i]
        [origin unknown]
[b]handra[/b]
    \’han · dra\ [i]n.[/i] : “planet” or “world”, also “earth”, “dirt”, “soil”[color=blue][b][4][/b][/color]
        [origin unknown]
[b]handramit[/b]
    \’han · dra · mêt\ [i]n.[/i] : one of the trench-like valleys of Malacandra; may literally mean “low earth”
        [Old Solar [i]handra[/i] + [i]*mit[/i]]
[b]*har[/b]
    \’har\ [i]adj.[/i] : may mean “high” (in terms of height); attested in [i]harandra[/i]
        [origin unknown]
[b]harandra[/b]
    \’har · an · dra\ [i]n.[/i] : the highlands of Malacandra; may literally mean “high earth”
        [Old Solar [i]*har[/i] + [i]handra[/i]]
[b]*harandramar[/b]
    \’har · an · dra · mar\ [i]n.[/i] : “hill”
    [i]pos.[/i] [b]harendrimar[/b] \’har · en · drê · mar\
        [Old Solar [i]harandra[/i] + [i]*mar[/i]]
[b]hlab[/b]
    \’h · lab\[color=blue][b][5][/b][/color] [i]n.[/i] : apparently, “language”
        [origin unknown]
[b]hlutheline[/b]
    \’h · lu · þe · lê · ne\ [i]v.[/i] : “to long” or “to yearn”, but not synonymous with [i]wondelone[/i]; may be conjugated into the third-person singular
        [origin unknown]
[b]hmân[/b]
    \’h · mân\ [i]n.[/i], [i]pl.[/i] [b]hmâna[/b] (\·· a\) : not a word [i]per se[/i], it is how the hrossa pronounce the English word “man”
        [English [i]man[/i]]
[b]hnakra[/b]
    \’h · na · kra\ [i]n.[/i], [i]pl.[/i] [b]hnéraki[/b] (\h · ’ne · ra · kê\) : one of a species of monstrous creatures inhabiting the lakes of Malacandra; actual meaning unknown
        [origin unknown]
[b]hnakrapunt[/b]
    \’h · na · kra · punt\ [i]n.[/i] : “[i]hnakra[/i] slayer”
        [Old Solar [i]hnakra[/i] + [i]*punt[/i]]
[b]hnau[/b]
    \’h · now\ [i]n.[/i], [i]pl.[/i] [b]hnau[/b] : a sentient being; actual meaning unknown
    [i]adj.[/i] [b]hnau[/b]
        [origin unknown]
[b]honodraskrud[/b]
    \’hô · nô · drask · rud\ [i]n.[/i] : a pinkish-white weed that grows in the handramita of Malacandra; actual meaning unknown
        [origin unknown]
[b]*hressn[/b]
    \’h · resn\ [i]n.[/i], [i]pl.[/i] [b]hressni[/b] (\·· nê\) : a female hross; actual meaning unknown
        [origin unknown]
[b]hross[/b]
    \’h · rôs\ [i]n.[/i], [i]pl.[/i] [b]hrossa[/b] (\·· a\) : one of the race of the hrossa; actual meaning unknown
    [i]adj.[/i] [b]*hress[/b] \’h · res\, [i]pl.[/i] [b]hressa[/b] \·· a\
        [origin unknown]
[b]hrû[/b]
    \’h · rû\ [i]n.[/i] : “blood”
    [i]pos.[/i] [b]hru[/b] \’h · ru\
        [origin unknown]
[b]*lurga[/b]
    \’lur · ga\ [i]adj.[/i] : meaning unknown; attested in [i]Lurga[/i]
        [origin unknown]
[b]*m[/b][color=blue][b][6][/b][/color]
    \’m\ [i]?[/i] : meaning unknown; may be attested in [i]Meldilorn[/i]
        [origin unknown]
[b]*mal[/b]
    \’mal\ [i]n.?[/i] : possibly “lord” or “king” (see [b]Maleldil[/b])
        [origin unknown]
[b]*malac[/b]
    \’ma · lac\ [i]adj.[/i] : meaning unknown; attested in [i]Malacandra[/i]
        [origin unknown]
[b]*mit[/b]
    \’mêt\ [i]adj.[/i] : may mean “low” (in terms of height); attested in [i]handramit[/i]
        [origin unknown]
[b]*orn[/b]
    \’ôrn\ [i]?[/i] : meaning unknown; may be attested in [i]Meldilorn[/i]
        [origin unknown]
[b]oyarsa[/b]
    \’ô · yar · sa\ [i]n.[/i], [i]pl.[/i] [b]oyéresu[/b] (\ô · ’ye · re · su\) : a member of the highest rank of [i]eldila[/i]; actual meaning unknown
        [origin unknown]
[b]*perel[/b]
    \’per · el\ [i]n.[/i] : meaning unknown; attested in [i]Perelandra[/i]
        [origin unknown]
[b]*punt[/b]
    \’punt\ [i]n.[/i] : “slayer”; attested in [i]hnakrapunt[/i]
        [origin unknown]
[b]*ra[/b]
    \’ra\ [i]?[/i] : meaning unknown; may occur in the personal name [i]Hnohra[/i]
        [origin unknown]
[b]tai[/b]
    \’tî\ [i]n.[/i] : “life”
        [origin unknown]
[b]thulc[/b]
    \’þulc\ [i]adj.[/i] : “silent”
        [origin unknown]
[b]urendi[/b]
    \’ur · end · ê\ [i]v.[/i] : meaning unknown; is apparently conjugated into the third-person singular, possibly with a second-person singular direct object also marked
        [origin unknown]
[b]wondelone[/b]
    \’wônd · el · ô · ne\ [i]v.[/i] : “to long” or “to yearn”, but not synonymous with [i]hlutheline[/i]; may be conjugated into the third-person singular
        [origin unknown]

[size=18][b]Proper Nouns[/b][/size]

[b]Abhalljin[/b]
    \’abh · al · dzhên\ [i]pl. n.[/i] : an island on Perelandra; meaning unknown
        [origin unknown]
[b]Aphallin[/b]
    \’aph · al · · ên\ [i]pl. n.[/i] : synonymous with [i]Abhalljin[/i]
        [origin unknown]
[b]Arbol[/b]
    \’ar · bôl\ [i]pl. n.[/i] : the name given to the Sun; meaning unknown
    [i]gen.[/i] [b]Eribol[/b] \’er · ê · bôl\
        [origin unknown]
[b]*Arbol-ef-Cordi[/b]
    \’ar · bôl  ’ef  ’cô · dê\ [i]pl. n.[/i] : “Fields of Arbol”, the Solar System
    [i]gen.[/i] [b]Eribol-ef-Cordi[/b] \’er · ê · bô  ’ef  ’côr · dê\
        [Old Solar [i]Arbol[/i] + [i]ef[/i] + [i]*cerd[/i]]
[b]Ask[/b]
    \’ask\ [i]per. n.[/i] : a name given to the King of Perelandra; actual meaning unknown
        [origin unknown]
[b]Balki[/b]
    \’bal · kê\ [i]pl. n.[/i] : a lake on Malacandra; meaning unknown
        [origin unknown]
[b]Baru[/b]
    \’ba · ru\ [i]per. n.[/i] : a name given to the King of Perelandra; actual meaning unknown
        [origin unknown]
[b]Baru’ah[/b]
    \’ba · ru · ah\ [i]per. n.[/i] : a name given to the Queen of Perelandra; actual meaning unknown
        [Old Solar Baru + *ah]
[b]Embla[/b]
    \’emb · la\ [i]per. n.[/i] : a name given to the Queen of Perelandra; actual meaning unknown
        [origin unknown]
[b]Glund[/b]
    \’glund\ [i]pl. n.[/i] : a short form of [i]Glundandra[/i]
        [origin unknown]
[b]Glundandra[/b]
    \’glund · and · ra\ [i]per. n.[/i] : name given to the planet Jupiter and its oyarsa; means “*glund planet”
        [Old Solar [i]*glund[/i] + [i]handra[/i]]
[b]Glund-Oyarsa[/b]
    \’glund  ’ô · yar · sa\ [i]per. n.[/i] : a name for the oyarsa of Glundandra
        [Old Solar [i]glund[/i] + [i]oyarsa[/i]]
[b]Hlab-Eribol-ef-Cordi[/b]
    \’h · lab  ’er · ê · bôl  ’ef  ’côr · dê\ [i]lang. n.[/i] : “language of the Fields of Arbol”, Old Solar’s name for itself
        [Old Solar [i]hlab[/i] + [i]Arbol[/i] + [i]ef[/i] + [i]*cerd[/i]]
[b]Hleri[/b]
    \’h · le · rê\ [i]per. n.[/i] : name of a female hross; meaning unknown
        [origin unknown]
[b]Hlithnahi[/b]
    \’h · lêþ · na · hê\ [i]per. n.[/i] : name of a hross of unknown gender; meaning unknown
        [origin unknown]
[b]Hnihi[/b]
    \’h · nê · hê\ [i]per. n.[/i] : name of a hross of unknown gender; meaning unknown
        [origin unknown]
[b]Hnoh[/b]
    \’h · nô · h\ [i]per. n.[/i] : name of a hross of unknown gender; meaning unknown
        [origin unknown]
[b]Hnohra[/b]
    \’h · nô · h · ra\ [i]per. n.[/i] : name of a male hross; meaning unknown
        [contains Old Solar [i]*ra?[/i]]
[b]Hnoo[/b]
    \’h · nô · ô\[color=blue][b][7][/b][/color] [i]per. n.[/i] : name of a hross of unknown gender; meaning unknown
        [origin unknown]
[b]Hressa-Hlab[/b]
    \’h · res · a  ’h · lab\ [i]lang. n.[/i] : “hrossian language”, an erroneous name for Old Solar
        [Old Solar [i]hross[/i] + [i]hlab[/i]]
[b]Hrikki[/b]
    \’h · rêk · kê\ [i]per. n.[/i] : name of a female hross; meaning unknown
        [origin unknown]
[b]Hrinha[/b]
    \’h · rên · ha\ [i]per. n.[/i] : name of a hross of unknown gender; meaning unknown
        [origin unknown]
[b]Hyahi[/b]
    \’h · ya · hê\ [i]per. n.[/i] : name of a male hross; meaning unknown
        [origin unknown]
[b]Hyoi[/b]
    \’h · yoi\ [i]per. n.[/i] : name of a male hross; meaning unknown
        [origin unknown]
[b]Lur[/b]
    \’lur\ [i]pl. n.[/i] : the sea of Perelandra; actual meaning unknown
        [origin unknown]
[b]Lurga[/b]
    \’lur · ga\ [i]pl. n.[/i] : the name given to the planet Saturn and its oyarsa; possibly the long form of [i]*Lurgandra[/i]
        [Old Solar [i]*lurga[/i]]
[b]*Lurgandra[/b]
    \’lur · gand · ra\ [i]pl. n.[/i] : possibly the full name of the planet Saturn and its oyarsa
        [Old Solar [i]*lurga[/i] + [i]handra[/i]]
[b]Malacandra[/b]
    \’ma · lac · and · ra\ [i]pl. n.[/i] : the name given to the planet Mars and its oyarsa; means “[i]*malac[/i] planet”
        [Old Solar [i]*malac[/i] + [i]handra[/i]]
[b]Maleldil[/b]
    \’mal · el · dêl\ [i]per. n.[/i] : Old Solar name for Jesus Christ, second Person of the Trinity; meaning unknown, possibly “lord of the eldila” or similar[color=blue][b][8][/b][/color]
        [possibly Old Solar [i]*mal[/i] + [i]eldil[/i]]
[b]Meldilorn[/b]
    \’mel · dêl · ôrn\ [i]pl. n.[/i] : the dwelling-place of the oyarsa of Malacandra[color=blue][b][9][/b][/color]; actual meaning unknown
        [possibly Old Solar [i]*m[/i] + [i]eldil[/i] + [i]*orn[/i]]
[b]Neruval[/b]
    \’ner · uv · al\ [i]pl. n.[/i] : the name given to a planet, presumably either Uranus or Neptune[color=blue][b][10][/b][/color]; meaning unknown
        [origin unknown]
[b]Numinor[/b][color=blue][b][11][/b][/color]
    \’nu · mê · nôr\ [i]pl. n.[/i] : Atlantis; actual meaning unknown
        [origin unknown]
[b]Oyarsa-Perelendri[/b]
    \’ô · yar · sa  ’per · el · end · rê\ [i]per. n.[/i] : title given to the King and Queen of Perelandra; possibly means “Perelandrian oyéresu”
        [Old Solar [i]Perelandra[/i] + [i]oyarsa[/i]]
[b]Perelandra[/b]
    \’per · el · and · ra\ [i]pl. n.[/i] the name given to the planet Venus and its oyarsa; means “[i]*perel[/i] planet”
    [i]gen.[/i] [b]*Perelendra[/b] \’per · el · end · ra\, [i]pl.[/i] [b]Perelendri[/b] \··· rê\
        [Old Solar [i]*perel[/i] + [i]handra[/i]]
[b]Sulva[/b]
    \’sul · va\ [i]pl. n.[/i] : name given to the Earth’s moon; meaning unknown
        [origin unknown]
[b]Tai Harendrimar[/b]
    \’tî  ’har · en · drê · mar\ [i]pl. n.[/i] : “Hill of Life”; a mountain on Perelandra
        [Old Solar [i]tai[/i] + [i]harandramar[/i]]
[b]Thulcandra[/b]
    \’þulc · and · ra\ [i]pl. n.[/i] : the name given to the planet Earth and its oyarsa; means “silent planet”
        [Old Solar thulc + handra]
[b]Tinidril[/b]
    \’tên · ê · drêl\ [i]per. n.[/i] : a name given to the Queen of Perelandra; actual meaning unknown
        [origin unknown]
[b]Tor[/b]
    \’tôr\ [i]per. n.[/i] : a name given to the King of Perelandra; actual meaning unknown
        [origin unknown]
[b]Viritrilbia[/b][color=blue][b][12][/b][/color]
    \’vê · rêl · trêl · bê · a\ [i]pl. n.[/i] : the name given to the planet Mercury and its oyarsa; meaning unknown
        [origin unknown]
[b]Whin[/b]
    \’hwên\ [i]per. n.[/i] : name of a male hross; meaning unknown
        [origin unknown]
[b]Yatsur[/b]
    \’yat · sur\ [i]per. n.[/i] : a name given to the King of Perelandra; actual meaning unknown
        [origin unknown]
[b]Yatsurah[/b]
    \’yat · sur · ah\ [i]per. n.[/i] : a name given to the Queen of Perelandra; actual meaning unknown
        [Old Solar [i]Yatsur[/i] + [i]*ah[/i]]

[size=18][b]Corrupted Words[/b][/size]

This is a short list of words, some of which fairly common, which are not “real” Old Solar, but are instead mixes of Old Solar and English elements.

[b]eldilic[/b]
    \’el · dêl · ik\ [i]adj.[/i] : adjective form of [i]eldil[/i]
        [Anglicization]
[b]handramits[/b]
    \’han · dra · mêtz\ [i]n.[/i] : [i]*handramita[/i]
        [Anglicization]
[b]hrossian[/b]
    \’h · rôs · ê · an\ [i]adj.[/i] : [i]hressa[/i]
        [Anglicization]
[b]Malacandrian[/b]
    \’ma · lac · and · rê · an\ [i]adj.[/i] : adjective form of [i]Malacandra[/i]
        [Anglicization]
[b]Perelandrian[/b]
    \’per · el · and · rê · an\ [i]adj.[/i] : adjective form of [i]Perelandra[/i]
        [Anglicization]

[size=18][b]Footnotes[/b][/size]

[color=blue][b][1][/b][/color] please see the [b]Guide to Pronunciation[/b]; also note that the placement of the primary stress and the division into syllables is hypothetical.
[color=blue][b][2][/b][/color] see [b]Old Solar pronunciation[/b] for the matter of the letter [i]c[/i].
[color=blue][b][3][/b][/color] surely it is coincidental that this could, I think, be interpreted in [b]Quenya[/b] as “one who loves a particular star”, refering to the eldila's guardianship of particular planets (‘stars’ in ancient thought)?
[color=blue][b][4][/b][/color] the second definition seems implied by, when he is teaching Ransom his first few words of Old Solar, Hyoi’s picking up a handful of dirt and saying “handra” ([i]OSP[/i], ch. 9, para. 18).
[color=blue][b][5][/b][/color] it would appear that initial [i]h[/i] preceeding a consonant forms its own syllable; see, “it [a sorn] spoke differently from the from the [i]hrossa[/i], without any suggestion of their persistant initial H” ([i]OSP[/i], ch. 15, para. 17).
[color=blue][b][6][/b][/color] this word might actually be [i]*me[/i], with the e disappearing in the word [i]Meldilorn[/i] through haplology.
[color=blue][b][7][/b][/color] see [b]Old Solar pronunciation[/b] for the matter of [i]oo[/i].
[color=blue][b][8][/b][/color] similar to footnote 3, this word could (I think), in Quenya, be interpreted as “One who loves the eldil(a)”.
[color=blue][b][9][/b][/color] although it may not refer exclusively to this: see “He [Glundandra] is ‘the centre’, ‘great Meldilorn’....” ([i]OSP[/i], PS, para. 10).
[color=blue][b][10][/b][/color] we might guess that the name also refers to the oyarsa of this planet, although no such oyarsa is ever mentioned.
[color=blue][b][11][/b][/color] it is possible (perhaps even likely) that this is, in actuality, the way a group of people who don’t speak Quenya spell the Quenya [i]Númenor[/i].
[color=blue][b][12][/b][/color] it is not clear whether Viritrilbia has a [i]handra[/i]-form like the other planets, possibly [i]*Viritrilbiandra[/i].[/quote]

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The Russian localization - project Rus-PhpNuke.com